Mitsubishi A6M5 Model 52

Ivan

SOH-CM-2025
The A6M5 was one of the first CFS aircraft I built back in 2001.
Back then, the source for drawings I would use for a project were books.
I would find what looked like a good profile picture and get dimensions from that for my 3D model.
Some of the drawings were fairly good. Others were quite poor. I got lucky in the case of the A6M5. It was a painting, but the general appearance was actually pretty good. There were others such as the N1K2-J Shiden-KAI that I started but eventually scrapped because the original drawing became more obviously bad as I learned more about the aeroplane.

After finding a "good" drawing, I would get dimensions from it using a dial caliper. I still have some of those drawings as scans today. The measuring would take about two full evenings and after that, the building of the model would start. Since this was so early, I wasn't terribly smart or knowledgeable about aircraft weight and balance and some choices I would make turned out to be rather poor. This is why the vertical centerline of the aircraft is lined up with the centerline of the propeller. This was corrected with the A6M2.

The initial versions of the AIR file didn't do more than get the maximum speed correct at SOME altitude. Eventually as the years went by, I learned a lot more and research got much better as well. The last revision to the A6M5 AIR file was back about 2011 or so. It is definitely due for an update since I have a lot more information today than I did back then.
This is where things get interesting.
My own A6M5 had been the reference copy for that aircraft with the latest updates. The other A6M5 model I was recently playing with had another one of my A6M5 AIR files but from about 10 versions back. (It was probably swapped in because the original downloaded one was not good.)
I figured it would make a pretty good exercise to change parameters to BOTH versions to bring them to current specifications. In theory, with identical changes, the result should be very near identical.
The odd thing is that there appears to be something that is not obvious that is making one significantly faster than the other. I will eventually figure it out, but so far, it still remains a mystery. AIR files are not that complicated, so the mystery won't last long.

- Ivan.

A6M5Reisen52.jpgA6M5_SCASM_Exercise.jpg
 
This is the TAIC data page on the Nakajima Sakae 21.
Note that the only A6M currently flying with an original Sakae engine is actually flying with a Sakae 31.
The Sakae 31 was originally intended to have Water-Methanol injection but for some reason, the Navy never could get it running properly.
This is very strange because the Army was able to get their equivalent engines with Water-Methanol running just fine in the Ki-43 Hayabusa.
According to TAIC, the functional difference in the Sakae 31 versus Sakae 21 if there was no Water-Methanol injection was that the Sakae 31 had a much longer limit for War Emergency Power.

In the case of this project, the WEP limitations will not be implemented because there is only one kind of WEP that is allowed and that will be used for "Overboost". The Sakae engine seemed to be quite tolerant of overboost as was observed in the tactical notes on the "Flash Performance" of Ki-43 Hayabusa.

I believe this will only make a minimal difference at very low altitudes because the supercharger does not have the capacity to maintain Take-Off / WEP boost to any great altitude.

- Ivan.

Engine-Sakae21-Performance.jpg
 
According to Japanese manuals, this was the performance of the Nakajima Sakae 21 engine as installed in the Type 0 Mk.II Carrier Fighter (A6M3 and A6M5).

Take-Off Power
1130 HP @ 2750 RPM +300 mm boost.

Rated Power
(All at 2700 RPM and +200 mm boost)
1010 HP @ SL
1100 HP @ 2850 Meters or 9350 Feet (Low Blower Critical Altitude)
980 HP @ 6000 Meters or 19685 Feet (High Blower Critical Altitude)

According to TAIC we have:
Take-off 1115 hp/2750 rpm/41.7" SL
WEP 1115 hp/2750 rpm/41.7" SL
WEP 1180 hp/2750 rpm/41.7" 7500*
WEP 1040 hp/2750 rpm/41.7" 18000*
MIL 995 hp/2700 rpm/37.8" SL
MIL 1085 hp/2700 rpm/37.8" 9350 ft
MIL 965 hp/2700 rpm/37.8" 19700 ft

Note that TAIC attempts to use the supercharger capacity to determine what level of power is available to the Japanese pilot.
The Japanese manual only lists a Take-Off power and no Emergency power at all.
The power levels are slightly lower in the TAIC listing because the Japanese are presumed to use Metric HP numbers while TAIC uses SAE numbers.

With a relatively small amount of engine tuning, this is what I was able to achieve (compared with TAIC numbers):
Take-off 1115 hp/2750 rpm/41.7" SL -------------- 1120 HP @ 500 Feet
WEP 1115 hp/2750 rpm/41.7" SL------------------- Same as above
WEP 1180 hp/2750 rpm/41.7" 7500* -------------- 1189 HP
WEP 1040 hp/2750 rpm/41.7" 18000* ------------ 1053 HP
MIL 995 hp/2700 rpm/37.8" SL -------------------- 973 HP @ 37.7 inches Hg (90% Throttle)
MIL 1085 hp/2700 rpm/37.8" 9350 ft ------------- 1052 HP @ 37.7 inches Hg
MIL 965 hp/2700 rpm/37.8" 19700 ft ------------- 967 HP

The worst discrepancy appears to be "Military" or Rated power at 9350 Feet.
The other values are close enough not to make a meaningful performance difference.

Maximum speed @ 500 Feet (Rated Power) is 287 MPH. It should be 285 MPH
Maximum speed at 19700 Feet (Rated Power) is 355 MPH. It should be between 351 MPH and 358 MPH depending on references.
Maximum speed at 19700 Feet (2750 RPM) is 352 MPH

Note that raising the RPM drops the speed slightly. I believe this is because of "features" in the Propeller Efficiency Table.
I MAY try to address this and I may not.

- Ivan.

A6M5_EngineTest.jpg
 
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